ABSTRACT
O desenho de um estudo pode ser definido como a forma em que se incluem e comparam os sujeitos da pesquisa com determinadas características. Os estudos são divididos habitualmente em experimentais e não experimentais (observacionais), onde a diferença está na possibilidade do investigador ter ou não controle sobre a exposição de um fator (agente etiológico ou terapêutico). Nos concentraremos aqui no estudo de caso-controle. Um estudo caso-controle é um estudo observacional para determinar se uma exposição está associada com um desfecho. De maneira simplificada, identificar um grupo conhecido por ter o desfecho (casos) e um grupo conhecido por não tê-lo (controles), olhando para trás no tempo para saber quais indivíduos em cada grupo tiveram a exposição e comparar a frequência da exposição no grupo caso com o grupo controle.(AU)
The study design can be defined as the way in which they include and compare the subjects participant with certain characteristics. The studies are usually classified as experimental and non-experimental (observational), whose difference is the possibility of the researcher to control the exposure of a factor (etiological or therapeutic agent). We will focus here on the case-control study. The cohort study is an observational study designed to help determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome. In short words, the case-control study identify a group known to have the outcome (cases) and a group known to be free of the outcome (controls). It looks back in time to learn which subjects in each group had the exposure and compare the frequency of the exposure in the case group to the control group.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Case-Control Studies , Biomedical Research/methods , Observational Studies as Topic/methods , Pancreatic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Beer/adverse effects , Beer/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Bias , Odds RatioABSTRACT
No Brasil, evidências epidemiológicas entre jovens e adolescentes indicam preocupante padrão de consumo de álcool. Entre os fatores que influenciam o consumo dos mais jovens estão as estratégias de publicidade. Pretendeu-se avaliar a relação entre apreciação das propagandas televisivas de cerveja, exposição a essas propagandas e consumo de álcool entre adolescentes. Trinta e duas propagandas recentes foram exibidas a 133 estudantes, de 1º e 2º anos do Ensino Médio de escolas públicas de São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil. Para cada propaganda, atribuíram notas (0 a 10) representando a apreciação e quantas vezes já tinham assistido cada uma anteriormente (exposição). Responderam se consumiam álcool e com qual freqüência. Dez das 32 propagandas foram incluídas na análise estatística (as cinco mais e as cinco menos apreciadas). As cinco propagandas mais apreciadas já tinham sido assistidas anteriormente, o que não ocorreu com as menos pontuadas. Ademais, entre as cinco mais apreciadas, notas estatisticamente maiores foram atribuídas pelos adolescentes que consumiram cerveja no último mês. O estudo encontrou uma relação positiva entre apreciação e exposição, bem como com o consumo de álcool.
Brazilian teenagers report problematic patterns of alcohol consumption. Alcohol advertising strategies are one of the main factors influencing adolescents' alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between positive responses to TV beer commercials, exposure, and alcohol consumption. Thirty-two recent TV commercials were shown to 133 high school students from public schools in São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo State, Brazil. The subjects recorded how well they liked the ads and how often they had already watched each commercial. The teenagers also reported their alcohol consumption rates. The ten commercials analyzed in this article were the five most popular and the five least popular. The analysis showed that subjects had already seen the five most popular ads, but not the five least popular. In addition, the five most popular ads received higher scores from teenagers that reported having consumed beer during the previous month. The study found a positive relationship between enjoying beer advertising and exposure to beer ads, as well as between alcohol consumption and positive responses to alcohol commercials.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Advertising/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Beer/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Brazil/epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
We examined the replacement of soy isolated protein by a solid fraction coming from brewery liquid wastem in the preparation of soy protein and brewer's yeast mixtures (50:50) to feed growing chickens. The replacement of 20 percent soy protein by brewery waste protein to the diet, showed no significant differences in the groeth and intake of the chickens, when compared with soy protein fed chickens. Protein efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Ratio (NPR) values of the diets were also very similar and the concentration of plasma and liver lipids remained approcimately the same. Higher levels of brewery waste reduced the performance of chickens athough total lipids, cholesterol and triacylglycerols in plasma, as well as total lipids and cholesterol in liver were not affected. The data reported here indicated that brewery waste can be used as a complementary protein source in broiler chicken diets
Subject(s)
Animals , Beer/statistics & numerical data , Birds , Soybean Proteins , Glycine max , Nutritional SciencesABSTRACT
To determine the effects of the kind of dietary fat on cholesterolemia in rabbits fed with brewer's yeast, diets based on soybean protein isolate or on a mixture of soybean protein isolate and brewer's yeast (1:1) were used. They were combined with corn oil and coconut oil in four balanced, cholesterol-free diets. Twenty four rabbits were fed with 79 grams of diet per day during 3 weeks. After 14 hours of fasting on the 22nd day, blood samples from the marginal aer vein were collected, animals were sacrified and their livers dissected. there were no significant differences in the final plasma concentrations of the total lipids, tryglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and (low density lipoprotein + very low density lipoprotein)-cholesterol, even though groups fed yeast presented the highest values. Liver lipids were not affected by dietary treatment. However, when comparing the final plasma cholesterol with initial cholesterol, a significant increase in the groups which consumed yeast with corn oil (48 mg/dL) and coconut consumed soybean protein with corn oil (21 mg/dL) and coconut oil (36 mg/dL). The two-way variance analysis of these data showed that there was no fat- protein interaction and the hypercholesterolemic effects observed were associated with brewer's yeast consumption